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Citation guides
How to format in-text citations and reference lists in the major styles, with examples you can copy.
Citation styles
Full guides to each major referencing style.
- AMA Citation Style: Superscript Numbers and ReferencesHow to cite in AMA style, 11th edition: superscript in-text numbers, the reference list, the author rule and examples for articles, books, chapters and websites.
- APA 7th Edition Citation Guide with ExamplesHow APA 7 in-text citations and reference entries work, with formatted examples for books, chapters, journal articles, web pages, reports and AI tools.
- Chicago Style Citation: Notes, Bibliography and Author-DateHow to cite in Chicago style: choosing between notes-bibliography and author-date, full and short notes, bibliography and reference list entries, and examples for common sources.
- Harvard Referencing Guide with ExamplesHow Harvard in-text citations and reference list entries work, why versions differ between universities, and examples for books, articles, websites and more.
- IEEE Citation Style: In-Text Numbers and Reference ExamplesHow IEEE's bracketed numbering works, how to format authors and titles, and reference examples for journals, conferences, books, standards and websites.
- MHRA Referencing Guide: Footnotes, Bibliography and ExamplesHow MHRA footnotes and the bibliography work, with examples for books, articles, chapters, translations and websites, plus short forms, quotations and primary texts.
- MLA 9th Edition Citation GuideHow MLA 9 works: the nine core elements, containers, in-text citations by author and page, Works Cited examples and paper formatting.
- OSCOLA Referencing Guide: Cases, Legislation and FootnotesHow OSCOLA 4th edition footnotes work, with examples for cases, statutes, books, journal articles and websites, plus subsequent citations and the bibliography.
- Turabian Citation Style: Notes, Author-Date and ExamplesHow Turabian relates to Chicago, how to choose between notes-bibliography and author-date, and examples of notes, bibliography and reference entries.
- Vancouver Referencing Style: Numbered Citations and ExamplesHow Vancouver's numbered system works, how to format in-text numbers and the reference list, and examples for articles, books, chapters and web pages.
How to cite specific sources
Books, journal articles, websites, dissertations and in-text citations.
- APA in-Text Citations: Rules and Examples (7th Edition)Parenthetical and narrative citations, author rules, group and missing authors, quotations, secondary sources and personal communications in APA 7.
- How to Avoid Plagiarism: A Complete Student GuideWhat counts as plagiarism, its main types, how to quote and paraphrase properly, what counts as common knowledge, how to read a similarity score and the habits that keep your work honest.
- How to Cite a Book in Every Major StyleThe details every book reference needs, then the same book cited in APA 7, MLA 9, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver and IEEE, plus chapters, editions and translations.
- How to Cite a Dissertation or ThesisReference-list and in-text formats for dissertations and theses in APA 7, MLA 9, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver and IEEE, using one running example.
- How to Cite a Journal Article in APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver and IEEEThe details every journal reference needs, the same article cited in six styles with in-text versions, and how to handle DOIs, missing details and many authors.
- How to Cite a Website in APA, MLA, Harvard and Other StylesThe details every web citation needs, one running example formatted in seven styles, and clear rules for pages with no author, no date or no page numbers.
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